"adjunct professor" means a college professor who is employed part-time or for a limited time, is junior to a full professor, or is otherwise not eligible for tenure. It is one of many casual words teens pick up from friends, social media, music or sport, and on its own it carries no particular warning. If you hear your teen use it, it is fair to ask what they mean by it in their friend group, since meanings drift quickly. Asking out of curiosity rather than alarm tends to keep the conversation open and useful.