Sunglasses ("shades") as related noun; the throwing-shade sense is metaphorical from this same root.
"Pass me my shades."
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In horticulture / weather: protected from direct sunlight. The slang sense plays on "casting shade" — putting something in shadow. Same metaphor.
"Sit in the shade, it's 35 degrees."
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A subtle, witty insult. The art of shade is in saying something cutting without saying it directly. Originally from Black/Latino ballroom culture.
"She threw such shade in that interview."
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As verb: to throw shade. To insult someone subtly. Strong cultural standard.
"She's been throwing shade at me all afternoon."
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Add your own interpretation of "shade".